|
WHAT GOES RESEARCH INTO?
Del 11 Who is doing the research and what does it say? Below is a statement of research under Wendell Johnson's leadership: No physical defects of stutterers: Travis, L, Ed-vard: Iowa, 1920. no such link was found. ADJUSTMENT IMPACT (Adaption effect) MORE STUTTER LESS STUTTER To stammer "on purpose" The idea was almost immediately taken up by Bryngelson, Minnesota, who developed it further. He instructed the stutterer to freely and voluntarily repeat the first sound of the first letter in some words a number of times before he started to say a word. Sometimes he asked the stutterer to read aloud a few moments with each word spoken in this way. On other occasions the voluntary stutter was carried out only occasionally in speeches or reading aloud. Encouraged by the initial results Bryngelson brought the idea with him to Iowa when he arrived for taking his doctor´s degree in 1931.With him he had a young man, Charles Van Riper, who was a severe stutterer. For one year he worked intensively with this stutterer. Dr. Bryngelson insisted on that Van Riper would stutter voluntarily for some time each day. The results were really encouraging. Charles Van Riper continued to take doctoral degree in speech pathology and became one of the leading specialists in the United States on stutter and other speech disturbances. Accept yourself - Van Riper´s last two pieces of advice. Work to become a normal speaker, says Van Riper.
Feelings and personality Animal experiments have shown that if a small monkey kid cannot be near his mother and get her or other´s love he will not survive. This can surely be implanted in human beings. I would suggest that the most important thing on this earth is just feelings and contact with other people. All our efforts lead to just that both in the family and at work. I think the emotions give life a meaning after reproduction. It is probably just what is the ultimate meaning of life to bring up the next generation. After writing these words, I read the evening newspaper and there Thomas Zengotita from New York expresses himself:”One of the greatest human needs is to get confirmation and today all have access to the technology required to appear. An experiment Wendell Johnson affirms that the stutter's feelings for a person can increase stutter frequency by 20 percent, which I interpret as a difference of 70 percent.
Swedish research Abstracts of lectures on heredity and environment by Martin Ingvar, Marie Åberg.
"Heart or brain, so you become mentally ill?" Lectures on November 6, 2006 in The Culture House in Stockholm .The most interesting point program for my part was Heredity or Environment. Research shows that when you are growing up you are not affected by the genes during the first period of your life. We believe that environmental factors are added to the factors of heredity then there are the vicious circles which consolidate the problems so that they become chronic. The environment, however, shapes the individual. Everyone is hurt by various forms of abuse or to stay in a bad environment. This and several other circumstantial evidence makes that I would not have become a stutterer if I had had other, more harmonious parents. And parents we cannot choose who you know. Martin Ingvar and Marie Åberg spoke about an Australian study showing how important it is to be loved and looked after by your mother. It was done in rats: How secure the rat is depends on how much love it gets by the mother that shows that by licking her kids differently. Those who got licked the most were those who dared to go out farther than the others and dared to be in the unprotected area. Stress like in war In 1972 Steen Fibiger was researching on external stutter symptoms such as mouth movements, EMG research of the lip movements of stutterers at the University of Technology in Frescati, Stockholm. The two brain halves Elisabeth Sederholm gave a lecture in Härskogen in which she referred to a study where attention is specifically drawn to the fluent speech among stutterers. ”We have compared this with non-stutterers speech and found differences.” she says. Thus, you can often find overflow movements in the vocal cords before the start of a fluent word. In the EEC (brain) film-studies desynchronization has been found between the two brain-halves that could indicate errors in the interaction between the halves. Joachim Trettin explains in Plus: "Most of us have surely heard that our brain has two halves and the halves perform different tasks. The left half is considered by many to answer for "intellectual" functions while the right half handles the emotions. The two halves do their job, however, not completely independent of each other. There is a vivid signal traffic between them - through the so-called gate. But generally considered is that each brain half has its own sphere of influence even if the overlap between the spheres is common.”
Brain halves and memory Per Alm: "To understand how stutter may arise and develop, it is important to know something about how the brain works. Much of today's stutter research suggests that the key to the stutter conundrum can be found in the brain's functioning. Stutter may be in the first instance regarded as a problem with the control of the speech. We still do not have much knowledge but we are on track. A major problem for the stutter research, however, is that the stutter is so incredibly complicated and influenced by so many factors. But it makes it an exciting challenge to try to understand how stutter works.”
The memory of fear Research has shown that there is a small almond-shaped part of my brain, the amygdala, which specifically has the ability to connect memories with fear and danger. When the amygdala has been removed from a rat it doesn´t show fear of anything - it can without hesitating go up to a sleeping cat biting the ear ...The amygdala communicates with the rest of the brain and seems to have the ability to add an emotional colouring in our memories and thoughts. In addition, it has the signal lines to all the nerve centres that trigger the usual symptoms of fear - from heart rate to diarrhoea. Baring: "It is amygdala that is haunting you when you as a stutterer almost can feel mortal dread before making a phone call. You have previously had a strong negative experience when you called, and any thought of calling the person, or just to use the phone arouses strong anxiety. Fortunately the amygdala can also forget - if it repeatedly discovers that there really was not anything dangerous, the fear can disappear. " The amygdala has been highlighted in the TV- program Kobra. They showed pictures of where it is in the brain. Per Alm: "The brain has thus moving memories, reflexes, stored for all the sounds and words we should say. These patterns of movement are learned when the child learns to talk.” "The more we stutter the more amplified is the stutter reflex and the easier it is therefore to falter again - it's hard to accept.” If you repeatedly expose yourself to situations you are afraid of and nothing dangerous happens the fear is reduced. It is the effect that therapists use in the treatment of fears and phobia.
Per Alm´s thesis for a doctor´s dissertation – What causes a stutter "Stutter is one of the most common problems of speech and occurs throughout the world. Various theories have located the cause of stutter either to the reactions of those closest to the stutterer or to stutter and the psyche and to wrong relations in his or her brain. Per Alm at Lund University has now written a thesis in the neuropsychology of stutter. One known fact is that a stutterer often temporary gets rid of his stutter when he sings or is imitating a dialect, is speaking in a choir or otherwise alters his voice. Per Alm explains that it is because of the brain's "second system of speech,” which is then connected. According to his model there are two parallel systems of speech that cause problems for the stutterers. Singing, speaking in choir and otherwise altered speech seem to go through the other system and usually run well even in those who stutter. Per Alm´s model could also explain why many stutterers may have better fluency if you distort how they hear their own voice on their headphones - the changed sound leads to a shift of control for the speech. Research is going on, particularly in the U.S., if the possibilities to use the changed sound of a hearing aid can be used as an aid of the speech by the stutterers.” / / Björck From DN´s series of stutter 2007 He argues that the human brain has two systems for the start of the speech: "The middle system” located at the centre line of the brain and dominates in spontaneous speech. "The side system" which includes parts of the cerebral cortex and is dominating when it comes to, for instance, singing and drama. When usual speech changes in song or poem-reading the brain rapidly switches between the systems. It is probably the middle system that ordinary stutterers have problems with, according to Alm. They have difficulty in getting ahead in the speech sequence. -They know what they want to say, but cannot go on, said Per Alm. The side system, however, that we use when we sing and play the theatre, can make use of external assistance for start-up signals - a guitar chords, a rhythm or a rejoinder. Exactly what the cause of the disturbance in the brain would depend on we do not know. But there are parallels with Parkinson's disease, some researchers say, among them Per Alm. A person who suffers from the Parkinson´s disease has a lack of neurotransmitter dopamine in the middle of the brain. Dopamine is a substance that can be put in motion the body's movements. Stutterers who on trial received medication for Parkinson's disease have been either better or worse in their stuttering. It suggests that the medication has effect and that it might be possible to stabilize the system. But it does not, of course, mean that we have the Parkinson´s disease only for the reason that we stutter, says Per Alm. And there is no medicine that can be recommended for stutter today. Research focused on the effect of the dopamine for stutter is going on mainly in the United States, but research facility is still in its infancy. The disagreement within the scientific sphere is great. A solid clear explanation for the stutter is not yet available. In The United States there are aids of speech for stuttering people who delay or alter their own voice. With the help of "headphones" the brain gets help to switch system. But there are few people who have access to them because they are so expensive. A model the size of a hearing aid costs almost 50 000 SEK. / / Alm / / Lofors
Discussion Åke Byström in The Academy of Speech is probably happy about Per Alm´s research. His work is confirmed and he knows that he is talking about the right things. I who have been in his company a few times know how forcefully and intensively he tries to get stuttering people to do their utmost to get started in a stutter-free speech. Per Alm´s theories about words starting signals make sense given that it must be the brain which by one of the two systems of speech is sending out signals that control the speech. The feedback of the speech goes through the auditory meatus which I guess works as the steering control of the speech. Having changed the sound by a hearing aid, I assume that this is a DAF device that provides a delay of the speech. My experience from these devices is that stutterers speak better. The question is whether it is persistent or if it is for a short time. The strange thing with this is that normal speakers who have tried these devices have got difficulties in speaking. The Swedish DAF sets are affordable. Negative is that some experience them as inconvenient, it is trying with the cables, the big headphones. I myself have not used it for a year, says NN. "It shows that we have a problem.” "We want to be free of means.” Two different nervous systems One nervous system disturbs the other
Summary of Ferenc Albert's book "Ferenc Albert's lecture" An empirical study of stutter,” an attempt to interpret the origin of the stuttering and treatment according to psychoanalytic theory. The matter was taken from the lecturer´s recently published dissertation. Empiricism means knowledge gained through experience. Ferenc Albert has systematically gathered an extensive experience for about ten years and presents findings in his book. Initially Ferenc said that he has no solution to stutter problem, but some thoughts on the subject. Since the whole study is organized according to a psychoanalytic model, the thoughts are of course coloured by psychoanalysis. The stutterer is, according to Ferenc, not more neurotic than other people, but the stutterer resolves his internal anxiety by stuttering. Internal anxiety is something that (according to psychoanalysis) all people have in specific situations and it is not specific for stutterers. The normal development of speech goes from l) prattle over 2) imitation with deficiencies 3) to a stage where you speak automatically, without thinking about what to do. The development of speech for a stutterer on other hand goes from prattle to imitation and stutter which is a disturbance of the automatic fluent speech. . . you make the stuttering to a part of your "normal speech,” by overlearning. Is there any clear cause of the stuttering? Psycho analysts believe that there is no single circumstance, but it is probably a number of components that together contribute to stutter emergence. For example, stuttering varies widely among different cultures, which could indicate that socioeconomic factors play a role. Similarly, the scaring experiences during childhood could provide a trigger for the stutter. In psychoanalysis, one speaks of various psychosexual phases: the oral stage (depending phase), anal phase (independence aspirations) the phallus phase (the child becomes aware of his sexuality), etc. According to Ferenc "may, but need not be" an unresolved conflict over any of these stages express themselves as stutter. Ferenc Albert also presented a model of how stutter might affect personality. He stressed the primary profit as an important part of the stuttering problem. "Stuttering binds emotional tension and reduces anxiety. The internal anguish (which all people are carrying on) is in itself a threat to the ego, that is personality. By stuttering the individual contributes to consciously/ unconsciously reduce the anxiety and protects in that way himself." The expectations play a large role. The stutterer has negative expectations for the listener: "You don´t have time to listen when I stutter" and at the same time he believes that all normal speaking people are eloquent. The expectations can become self-fulfilling if we do not do anything about it. The treatment: Ferenc has no panacea, and stresses the importance of individualized diagnosis and treatment. The treatment should include different methods depending on the patient's stutter and back-ground. It is important to have a thoughtful treatment plan. The stutterers are very different to each other in many respects. It should therefore be planned so that not a component of treatment counteracts the effect of another.” One more abstract of Ferenc Albert´s book: "The aim of psychotherapy for stutterers must focus on the primary benefits of stutter in an indirect manner. The therapist should not focus on the stutter symptom itself - not even in the group of stutterers. . ." International researchm Here I only mention some researchers' results, which I think are especially interesting.
Sheehan: Sheehan sees stutter as a dual approach-avoidance conflict. The stutterer wants both to speak and be quiet. Both options have a positive and a negative effect. The therapy should not seek to teach fluent speech – it is already there in some situations - but to reduce fear of the stutter. To accept the stutter must not be a sign of resignation, but a means to reduce this fear and also reduce avoidance tendency. The emphasis in therapy is thus on non-avoidance of stutter and to examine how you stutter, not in what situations you stutter more or less.
Frederick P. Murray, Ph.D. Toward freer speech Before starting work on improving your speech, I would suggest that you begin working with some constructive and positive thinking. If you want to achieve good results in terms of fluency, it is vital that you are motivated to work towards the goal of better speech. In this regard, I wish to recommend you to use all possible resources you have within you, and the resources that religion, friends or books may be able to contribute with. It is also very important to believe in yourself and to cooperate with others. Don´t expect rapid changes in prolonged confirmed stutter. Many stutterers have made the mistake of believing that if only the cause of the stutter was found this would result in a rapid cure. Would a fire in a house be extinguished by itself, if you found the match which started the fire in the yard? Stutter in an advanced stage, maintains itself, much like a fire. Fear of words and speech situations serves as fuel to intensify it. It is quite clear that YOU have to stand up and confront your problems. From your point of view active efforts are required, because "conditioned motor responses" are amended by action, not by thoughts. Many of you have heard about the miracles that hypnosis can achieve, and perhaps some have hopes for a quick profit with this technology. Progress with this method, however, is almost always only temporary. The method does not build up any resistance to the many dangers that now threaten you in terms of your oral communication. A change can come about only gradually, as you change your behaviour of speech, your personal attitudes and as you adjust yourself to the new role itself as an improved speech forces with you. Commented so far, it may be appropriate to say something about the likelihood of overcoming the stutter. Judging from my personal acquaintance with several dozen stutterers, who have achieved good results, I can say that none of them claim that they always are quite fluent. Each of them has moments of non-fluent speech or remaining stutter. On the other hand, there are stutterers that have made so much progress that their ability when it comes to talk is greater than the average speaker. So keep your head high! Your ultimate goal, no matter how you reach it, is to convince yourself that you are capable of speaking in oral communication situations. This is the statement to say to yourself, you can not stand these situations because you can not speak. It is important that your belief is so strong that it is automatically reflected in your feelings. Remember that our speech reflects how we feel at a given occasion. Here is some advice that may help you in your work towards your goal: The first concrete step you might take is to get acquainted with your stutter behaviour. This may seem extraneous, but few stutterers know what they are doing that disrupts the normal fluency of speech. To do this effectively, you must first learn to keep in touch with yourself during the moment of stutter. This is the opposite of that run away from yourself and do everything you can to try to avoid stutter. Different kind of feedback helps you with this self-study job. For example, you can look at yourself in a mirror and try to get an idea of what you do when you use the phone, a situation that is likely to appeal to the stutter. Is it possible to record your voice on tape in a stressful situation, and then play the tape for careful analysis? This may be tough, but it is a good way to get a grip on your problem. If you can arrange sufficient number of these behavioural experiences, you discover that your stutter is not a constant or fixated behaviour, it rather show wide variations. You discover that parts of your stutter are not disabling. No matter how serious the long deadlocks are, each stutterer also have easier stutter in his speech. These lighter stutters represent an end in itself. If you can get down the harder stutters to the same proportions as the easier ones a lot of your problems have disappeared. This also leads to the realization that there are countless ways to falter on. Even if you do not have a choice when it comes to stutter or not, you have a choice in how you do it. Your basic task is twofold: change your behaviour of speech and try to bring about a positive change r in terms of your-image and your emotions. There is a psychological principle that means that one way to affect emotions is to work directly with the external behaviours that these feelings are associated with. If you can modify the more serious interruptions of speech by replacing them with a more relaxed, forward-liquid movement of speech, you will translate this psychological principle of reality. One way to achieve this is to carefully make plans for some experiments of speech. Your first goal is to allow yourself to stutter openly, without tensions or struggle. Don´t try to speak as fluently as possible! By deliberately allow yourself to extend the first sound of a number of words you will go on the psychological offensive. This allows your fear to disappear, instead of gradually be building up inside you. Moreover you give your neurological system an opportunity to work in better harmony. You are confronted with, rather than avoiding your problem. Your habitual avoidance of situations of speech and dreaded words will lead you nowhere in the long run. The sooner you give up your "hold-back" behaviour, the better. The following advice can help you on your way from the stutter: 2. Stutter behaviours can be changed. Remember, you can choose the way you stutter on, even if you can not choose not to falter. 3. A person may stutter in many ways
4. Moods can be changed by modifying symptoms that are associated with them. 7. Progress towards your stutter will likely occur during a long and gradual process. Have patience and respect for yourself. From“To the Stutterer. Speech Foundation of America. 1988: Toward Freer Speech.” Translation: Lars Åfeldt. Bloodstein, 1975 Improvements must be demonstrated by objective and subjective measurements. The stutter needs to reduce in frequency and the speech has been improved. Reports of good results for a method must be based on repeated evaluations. The stutterer's speech must be natural. The stutterer must not only speak better, but also change his attitude to the stuttering. The method must be shown to be effective by more than one qualified therapist. Reports of good results for a method must be followed up. We must show that the improvements are greater with treatment than without treatment after the same time. The method must provide a durable result even after “the charm of novelty.”
. Scientists disagree The only fact that scientists have agreed on is that "stutter is a disorder of the rhythm of stutter.” Otherwise they are much disunited. The reason for their disunion can be the basis of their training and approaching the problems from different angles. What is the cause of the stutter?
The solution is:
REFERENCE LIST:
Albert, Ferenc: Stamning ur psykoanalytikerns synvinkel, s 20, 61, 63-64, 76, 78, 81, 82, 85, 98. (Stuttering from the phsychoanalyst´s point of view) Albert, Ferenc: Stamning ur psykoanalytikerns synvinkel, Strang, P, Plus 4, s 9-11, 1981 American Journal of Cardiology: Meditation förlänger livet. (Meditation prolongs your life) Alm, Per: doktorerade med avhandlingen: On the causal mechanisms of stuttering.: DN 18 april, Emma Lofors: När signalsystemet är i olag hackar talet, s 22-23, 2007 (When the signal system is out of order you stutter) Alm, Per: Stamning, s 15, 20, 23, 38, 41, 62, 65, 97, 155-156, 1995 (Stutter) Alm, Per: Föredrag 28 november 92, Linköping. VHS band producerat av Stig Lindh (Lecture 28 Nov 1992) Baringa: M: How scary things get that way, Scence, 1992, Alm, 1995 Bahar, Akbar, TALAkademin och McGuire, Erfarenheter av olika talträningsmetoder, Stockholms stamningsförening, okt, 2006 (The Academy of Speech and McGuire) Bloch, Viktor: Om behandling av stamning på en talklinik i Kanada, Plus, 3, s 25, 1992 (About treatment of stutter in a clinic in Canada, Plus 3) Brülde, Bengt: Han kan ge dig lycka. City Stockholm, Nicklas Tollesson 25 okt 2007 (He can give you luck) Bloch, Viktor: Om behandling av stamning på en talklinik i Kanada, 1958, Plus, 3, s 25, 1992 Bloodstein, Oliver: A Handbook on Stuttering, 2nd Ed, National Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and adults, 1975 Byström, Åke: Litet intresse i Ö-vik, Plus, 1, s 15, 1965 (Not much interest in Ö-vik) Casriel, David: Det förlösande skriket, 1979 (A Scream Away From Happiness) Crona, Mikael: McGuire-programmet. Erfarenheter av olika talträningsmetoder, Stockholms stamningsförening, okt, 2006 Dagens Nyheter, Lofors Danielsson, Hans: Landet bortom bergen - En underlig trygghet, SRF tal & punkt AB 1987 (The Land beyond the Mountains- a peculiar safety) Danielsson, Hans: Stackars mig, av och om Hans Danielsson, Stig Lindh, 2007 (Poor me) Danielsson, Hans: Tack Dan Mogren – en hälsning från fagra Östergyllen, Plus 2, s 2, 1983 Edenby, Anders: P-club och terapierna, Plus 3, s 8-10, 1979 Edman, Gunnar: Vårt behov av tröst, Expressen, 8 december, 1974 (Our need of comfort) Fast, Julius: Kroppsspråket (The body language) Gunnar Edman: Vårt behov av tröst, Expressen 8 dec 1974 (Our need of comfort) Engdahl, Erland: Att bortarbeta sin stamning, Plus s 23, juni, 1969 (To get rid of your stutter) Fibiger, Sten: EMG undersökning av läppmuskulaturen, Plus, s 46, december, 1972 (EMG investigation of the muscles of the lips) Fraenkel, Britt-Marie: Plus 1, s 3, 1999 Genýukai stamningsförening i Tokio: Stammares programförklaring från Plus, 1, s 5-6, 1979 (The manifest of stutterers) Gimstedt, Lars: Föredrag om Neurolingvistisk programmering, Brunnsvik, 19 oktober, 2007. (Lecture on Neurolinguistic programming) Grönholm, Ann-Marie: Terapirapport från USA, Plus, 2, s18,1979 (Report on therapy from the U.S.) Gunnar Wiklund: - SR P1 Livskraft sept -06 (Power of life) Hauschild, Karen-Marie: Stamning som handikapp, Nordiska stamningsseminariet, Plus, 4 s 4-5, Kerstin E. Andersson, 1981 (Stutter as a handicap) Heick, A: Balbutio: 1985-1989 Henriksson, Ulla: Sparka ut terapeuterna - och väx! Plus 2, s 25-29, 1976 (Kick out the therapists – and grow up!) Henriksson, Ulla: Nå - är det någon terapeut utsparkad? Plus, 4, s 10-11, 1976 (Well-Is there any therapist kicked out?) Hjelm, Kenneth: McGuire-berättelse, Erfarenheter av olika talträningsmetoder, Stockholms stamningsförening, okt, 2006 (Experiences of different methods of speech training) Ingvar, Martin o Åsberg, Marie: Hjärta eller hjärna, varför blir man psykiskt sjuk? Kulturhuset, Stockholm 6/11 -06 (Heart or brain, why are you getting mentally ill?) Jarric: TV-program, sept, 2006 Johnson, Wendell: Stamning, psyke, miljö, s 16, 49, 55-61, 155, 163, Norstedt & Söner Stockholm, 1966 (Stutter, mentality, environment) Jägerfeld, Jenny: Hål i huvudet, Natur och Kultur (A hole in my head) Larsson, Lennart: När ditt barn stammar s 33, 1984 (When your child is stuttering) Larsson, Lennart: Stamning IC: Hur utvecklas stamning, Plus 2, s 3 1977 (How is stuttering developed?) Larsson, Lennart: Till mina klasskompisar, KommUNIKation, 4 s20, 2006 (To my class-mates) Lindh, Stig: Artikelserie om stamning, Plus 3, s 27-28, 1985 ( Articles on stutter) - ” - , Stamningens orsaker och uppkomst, Plus 1, s 17-18, 1986 ( The reasons and origin of stutter) - ” - , Ungdomsåren, Plus 2, s 19-21, 1986( Youth) - ” - , Vuxenstamning, Plus 3, s.19-22, 1986 (Adult stutter) - ” - , Släpp loss känslorna! Plus 1, s 31-35, 1987(Let the feelings out ) - ” - , Probleminventering, Plus 2 s 34-36, 1987 (Inventory of problems) - ” - , Slutet gott, allting gott, Plus 3, s 31-32, 1987 (All is well that ends well) - ” - , Informationsmöten på 23 platser, Plus, 3, s 7-9, 1977 - ” - , Det blev succé för informationskampanjen, Plus 3, s 1-8, 1978 - ” - , Stutter Free Spech, Film, 1999 - ” - , Trancendental meditation någonting för stammare? Plus, 2, s 12-17, 1975 (Is Trancendental meditation anything for stutterers?) - ” - , Vad skall P-club syssla med? Plus 1, s 18, 21, 1979 (What is P-club planning to do?) - ” - , Är stamning något att haka upp sig på? Film, 1989 (Stuttering –is that anything to get stuck on?) Lewis, C S: Anteckningar under dagar av sorg, Bokförlaget Libris, Örebro, 1994 ( Notes during days of sorrow) Lofors, Emma: Så lär sig Adam att sluta stamma, DN 21 april, s 28, 2007 (This is how Adam learns how to stop stuttering) Lundgren, Marie-Louise: McGuire-metoden, ett seriöst och stödjande program, Plus 1, s 7, 1999 Lutteman, Markus, David McGuire: Vägen till frihet, Plus, 4, s10-11, 1995 (Way to freedom) Michaelsen, Sara: The Starfish Project – en öjenvidne beretning, Dansk Videncenter for Stammen, Nyhedsbrev 56 september 2007 Mullingstorp: Kursprogram, s 12, 14, 2006 Murray, Frederick, Ph.D.: Mot ett friare tal, Ur To the Stutterer, Speech Foundation of America, 1988: Toward Freer Speech. Plus nr 1, mars, s 1-2, 1994: Lars Åfeldt Nordiska Stammarkongressen: Att stamma är nödvändigt, Kisa, 1970 (To stutter is necessary) Olausson, Ingrid: "Meditation - magi eller terapi?.” Pinker, Steven: Ett oskrivet blad, av Martin Ingvar o Marie Åsberg, 2006 (An unwritten page) Plus, Wolgers: Beppe, Mina memoarer del 3, Bonniers, 1972 (My memoirs part 3) Plus, 1, s 17: Stamning på Wienkongressen, 1965 (Stutter at the Congress in Vienna) Plus, s 3, 1/64: John Björkhem, 1964 Pressmeddelande: Vad orsakar stamning, 2005-02-14 publicerat i Medicin, vård och hälsa //Ingela. (What causes stutter?) Rydå, Marita: berättar om sin SpeechEasy som hon rekommederar, KommUNIKation, 1, s 11, 2006 Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset: Projektutvärdering, Plus, 3, s 8-9, Arbetsgruppen för Intensiv stamningsterapi, Göteborg, 1998 (Evaluation of Project) Sederholm, Elisabeth: Föredrag Härskogen Plus,1986 ( Lecture Härskogen) Sheehan J G: Jämförelse av stammare och normaltalare, Plus, december, 1971 (A comparison of stutterers and normal speakers) Sheehan, J G: Stuttering: Research and Therapy, Anteckningar från föredrag I Nyborg 2-4 april 1971 SSR: Hemsida, Behandling, 1977 (Home Page) Strang, P: Plus 4, s 9-11, 1981Stromsta, 1986 Trettin, Joakim: De båda halvorna, Plus 4 s 9, 1987 (The two halves) Tidskriften Leva! 4 2006 Tudor-Sandahl, Patricia: Tid att vara ensam, W&W, 2003 (Time for being alone) Wilks, Frances: Intelligenta känslor, Depression 146, 152, Ilska, 101, 102, Ångest, 114, 123-124, Egon Richter, Malmö 1999 (Intelligent feelings) Perkins, William: What is stuttering and whys? 376, 1990 Wolf, Tore: DAF-apparaten, Erfarenheter av olika talträningsmetoder, Stockholms stamningsförening, okt, 2006 Wolgers, Beppe: Plus, orig, Mina memoarer del 3, Bonniers, 1972 World Health Organization: Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death. (Vol 1), s 202, 1977, Per Alm, 1995 Åström, Christer: Stamning och yrkesliv, Plus s 3, nr 3, sept 1994 (Stutter and working life) Åfeldt, Lars: Redaktörens spalt, Plus, 3, okt, s 24, 1995 (The column of the editor) Åfeldt, Lars:”The famous Plus-Club of Sweden,” KommUNIKation: 4, s 18, 2005 Åström, Christer, Stamning och yrkesliv, Plus, Elsa-mötet i Amsterdam. (Stutter and working life)
|
